For an aircraft, rotorcraft or jet engine to obtain a type 
design certification, it must be demonstrated that it can 
sustain safe flight into known or inadvertent icing 
conditions. The icing certification process involves CFD 
(Computational Fluid Dynamics) analyses, wind and icing tunnel 
testing (EFD: Experimental Fluid Dynamics), all considered 
“simulation”, and final demonstration of compliance through 
Flight Testing in Natural Icing (FFD: Flight Fluid Dynamics).
 
Modern 3D CFD-Icing methods such as FENSAP-ICE, working as a 
direct extension of CFD-Aero technologies, have become an 
indispensable, if not a primary tool, in the certification 
process. They are rapidly replacing 2D and 2.5D methods 
(airfoils don’t fly; aircraft do). They enable analyzing the 
aircraft (fuselage, wing, engines, nacelles, cockpit windows, 
sensors, probes, etc.) as a system and not as an assemblage of 
isolated components. The judicial integration of CFD-EFD 
simulation tools provides a cost-effective aid-to-design-and-
to-certification, when made part of a well-structured 
compliance plan. CbA (Certification-by-Analysis) being a 
current “hot” subject; this course puts it into real practice, 
providing efficient tools and showing examples of capabilities 
and limitations.

The course will show how modern 3D icing codes are based on 
highly validated physical models (Scientific VVV) as opposed 
to a Catch-22 calibration of codes against icing tunnels to 
yield heuristic models. The course will also show how Reduced 
Order Models can make fully-3D calculations inexpensive 
(yielding 3D CFD with 10-20 million points + impingement + 
icing + performance in 1/100th of a second, after the 
calculation of an appropriate number of “snapshots”: this is 
even faster than 2D panel methods calibrated codes!) and 
enable rapid identification of aerodynamic and thermodynamic 
critical points in a structured way and not a heuristic one.
 
By inclusion of icing requirements at the aerodynamic design 
stage, a more comprehensive exploration of the combined 
aerodynamics/icing envelopes, optimized IPS design, and 
focused/reduced wind tunnels, icing tunnels and flight tests. 
The end result is a faster design, faster testing, faster 
natural icing campaign, and a safer aircraft that is easier to 
certificate. 

This course is structured to be of equal interest to 
aerodynamicists, icing, environmental systems and flight 
simulation engineers, regulators and Designated Engineering 
Representatives. Detailed knowledge of CFD is not necessary.
 
The lectures cover the major aspects of in-flight icing 
simulation, ice protection systems, handling quality issues. 
The instructors bring an amalgam of knowledge, as scientists 
who have produced codes in current use and engineers with 
certification experience, along with cost-effective simulation 
methods widely used internationally for certification of 
aircraft for flight into known icing.